Regulatory Bodies

Regulatory Bodies -

Press Complaints Commision (PCC) -

The PCC is organisation that was established to manage the Press, They do this by constructing rules that the press must abide by. It was origionally founded in 1995 with the first chairman being Lord Wakeham and the current chairman being Lord Hunt.
The things that the PCC have control over includes:

• Readers Letters
• Audio Material
• Words and Pictures on newspapers
• Articles
• Reader Comments online

They also deal with physical acts of journalism such as:

• Using hidden cameras
• refusing requests to stop asking questions/taking pictures
• persuit of individuals
• not approaching cases involving grief and shock with a sensetive aproach
• failing to recieve the correct concent before interviewing children or people in hospitals

There is also an 'Editors Code' that is in place in the PCC The rules include:

• The person in the article must have a chance to reply if unproper infomation is published about them
• The press must take care not to publish inaccurate, missleading or distorted information
• The press must clearly distinguish between Conjecture, Comment and Fact
• A publication must report fairly and accuratly the outcome of an action for defamation unless an agreed settlement states otherwise

Also these are some rules that are in place for journalists, They must not engage in intimidation or harrasment or persistant pursuit.


Ofcom

Ofcom is a government aproves regualtory body that monitors the ethics and everything else of broadcasting. Ofcom license all television and radio services in the UK, this means broadcasters will have to comply by the Ofcom terms or they could have there license revoked. Ofcom publish the broadcasting code, this includes rules such what can be shown before 9pm on television. 

Oppertunities in the media sector

 

Contract Types
A Contract outlines the main points of a legal agreement and is used so everybody involved knows what is expected of them. A contract aslo includes what will happen if the contract is broken for example you could be fined or even fired from your job all together.

There is lots of different types of contracts which include:

• Part Time - Part time contracts are used for people who are going to work approximately between 16 and 18 hours weekly and part time jobs are often worked by students who have to go to college or university aswell as having to work part time hense why they only work a job with less hours than a full time job. An advantage of this is that although you are working and getting paid a waige you are still left with free time to spend doing what you want, a dissadvantage of part time work is that it may not be enough hours work and you may not be making enough money to live on and provide for yourself but in this day and age jobs are hard to come by so people will take what they can get.
• Full Time - In a full time job you are often contracted to work for around 37 to 39 hours weekly which often means working everyday for around 8 hours. This is normally worked by adults who have finished their studying and have moved on from that and gone into a career which they are trying to have for as long as possible. the advantages of having a full time contract is that you will be earning a full time waige which will obviously leave you with more money than a part time would so you will have lots more money for what you want and you will be able to live life how you want. Another advantage of full time contracts is that the employer has to offer you a penison which is where they pay a percentage of your pension and you also pay some money towards it so once you retire you gain your pension which you have worked for. A dissadvantage of a fulltime contract is that you might not get enough time off as you would like or you might not get enough anual leave as you would like to be able to take a holiday or something like that.
• Temperary Work -
• Free Lance - 
• On Completion -
• Casual -

Introduction to the media sector

Introduction to the Media Sector

Publishing - Publishing is the act of making information available to the general public. Printing in news papers holds approximately 200,000 jobs alone. There are three different categories in which publishing can be divided these are:

• Non-Paid publishers - These are publishers that do not charge the author at all for them to publish their book
• Semi-Paid publishers - These are publishers that charge partially to pay the expenses off the book 
• Paid Publishers - This is the most common type of publication where the author has to pay the full expense of the book and the job of setting up marketing policies. 

One of the most popular publishing companies is Pearson publishing company with around 41,000 employees and it operates in over 70 countries. It has mainly started to really grow in the past few years and is now averaging a total revenue of 5.9 billion pounds sterling. In the U.S penguin published 254 New York Times best sellers and penguins children's books being the publisher of the year in 2011.

Radio - Radio has been around for a very long time since the very first idea of it in 1893 and in 1895 the first radio receiver was built. But sadly radio ios starting to come to an end as most people prefer to listen to portable music devices such as iPod's and MP3 players. In the UK radio is still a very big part of our day to day lives as most of the people travelling to work every morning will listen to the radio in their car or have it on in the background whilst they are working. The most popular radio station in the UK is BBC Radio 2 averaging around 15.1 million listeners a week, followed by BBC radio 1 with 11.1 and BBC radio 4 with 10.8. As you can tell the BBC is still doing a good job of dominating the radio and even though radio is getting less popular the BBC are not letting their standards slip. I recently took a visit to the TFM radio and was toured round along with my class mates by one of their top DJ's and although there was still a lot to do he pointed out that they no longer have the money to employ people to do those jobs. This give me the impression that although there is lots of jobs to be done in the radio industry it is probably not the best career pathway to take as it is slowly but surely dying out.  

T.V - Television has been around since the 50's and since then has had a massive impact on the entire world. Television also is a huge part of advertising, a recent study shows that on average people are exposed to just over an hour of T.V ads and promotions a day. Television is an absolutely massive chunk of the media with stations all over the UK and thousands across the world. Television shows all different types of programs from Reality (Geordie Shore), to Sci Fi (Dr Who), Dr who is one of the most successful shows around in this day and age. It was first aired in 1963 and up to this day has seen 11 different actors play the part of The Doctor. In the 80's it was costing around 100,000 to produce just one episode of Dr Who and now has expanded incredibly to 1 million pounds per episode and around 13 million per series. Television offers around 43 different types of jobs Ranging from the director the the title sequence designer.  

The average child watches 20,000 television adverts a year
66% of American homes posses 3 or more T.V sets
The average child has seen 8,000 murders on T.V by the time they leave primary school
250 billion hours of T.V is watched by Americans annually

Photo Imaging - This consists of things such as Adobe Photoshop, Firework, Retouching images and lots of other things, there will always be a need for this in the modern world. There are nearly 14,000 companies in this industry with 95% of them companies employing 5 people or less. Almost half of the 14,000 companies are free lance photographers or sole traders
Jobs in the industry can be divided into:

• Photography – Advertising and Editorial Photographer, General Practice (Social) Photographer,   Press Photographer or Photojournalist, Fashion Photographer, Scientific Photographer, Corporate Photographer, Forensic Photographer, Medical Photographer, Assistant Photographer, Staff Photographer Photographic Laboratories and Image Producers – Minilab Operator, Print Finishing Technician, Digital Imaging Specialist 
• Photo Retail – Photo Retail Manager, Minilab Operator Photo Retail
• Picture Libraries – Picture Researcher, Picture Library Manager
• Manufacturers – Field Service Technician, Marketing Executive
• Equipment Support Services – Product Repair Engineer, Technical Support Engineer, Product
• Returns Management Technician

Interactive Media - This is a huge part of the media sector that you will take part in every day without giving it a thought for example sending a tweet or uploading a Facebook status this has around 40,000 jobs. A survey in may 2011 shows there are around 7.5 million users on Facebook that are under the age of 13 and 5 million under the age of 10 violating the Facebook user terms and conditions. In 2009 Facebook was ranked the most used social networking site, Obviously as there is so many users using the site it is a very popular place for advertising and is a very opportunistic place to advertise for a new brand or company.
Social networking sites such as twitter, Facebook, Tumblr and others are a very good place for people to get free advertising, for example you can set up a twitter page or Facebook group for a new band, or interdependent company, this is good because you can get people to share your page around and it is an easy way to get yourself known.

Games - The games industry consists of approximation 10,000 jobs which isn't really that many considering how big the industry is and how big of an impact the games sector gives. The games industry Is a huge industry in this day and age with the average new game for Xbox 360 or Play Station costing up to £45 and having as much as £66,198,900.00, That amount of money was spent on making Grand Theft Auto 4.

Film - The Film industry is an amazingly huge part of the world we live in today as we are surrounded by high budget movies where millions have been spent on making and even more millions will be made of them, movies are good because they last a very long time before they are forgotten about unless they are timeless classics which will always stay in the heart of people. The film industry is an industry which has millions of pounds pumped into it every year and is said to have a net worth of 2 Trillion dollars and provides around

Animation - animation is a small part of the media industry that holds approximately 4,700 jobs around the globe. The animation sector is a small sector but plays a very big part for example shows like south park which are regularly shown on channels such as Viva and have been around for many years and are still very popular due to their crude and harsh humor. Voted IGN's top animated film of all time is Disneys Beauty and the Beast which was Released in November 1991 in the USA and in the first weekend made $99,508 and in total grossed $218,967,620.

There are many types of animation:

• Cell Based 
• Pixelation 
• Stop Motion 
• Computer Animation 

Advertising - Advertising holds 17,000 jobs around the world this is a huge part of the world we are in today because if there was no advertising you would not have a way of finding out about products new or old. Advertising is very easy to come by these day due to social networking, it allows you created pages and accounts that can be used for free to promote things and get it around the internet very quickly and very cheaply if not for free. There is many different ways you can advertise, most of these include using posters and/or logos These include:

• Billboards
• Bus Stop Posters 
• Flyers
• Television Commercials
• Adds in Papers/Magazines 

Legal and Ethical Constraints in the Media Sector

Legal and Ethical Constraints


Obscene Publications Act

The obscene publications act is a law that has the right to ban and get rid of anything which could be overly offencive or cause grief. things involved in this act could be anything from a book published by William Dugdale which included pornographic features and sexual content, to the film 'The Human Centipede 2' which included very graphic violence.  The Texas chainsaw massacre films have been banned in 6 countries due to high violence and gore content but on two occasions the ban was later lifted.










Official Secrets

The official secrets act is making sure you do not give away any information that people do not want you to give, for example giving an enemy information about what someone is planning privately, and is also classed as an arrestable offence.


Copyright Act

Copyright was first used in the 1800’s, Charles II of England, was concerned over the mass printing of none categorised or recorded books It is a law that Entitles the person who came up with something to be able to claim money off people who want to use it or could sue them if they are using that idea and claiming it as their own.
^{Copyright is a legal concept, enacted by most governments, giving the creator of the original piece of work there own exclusive rights to it, usually for a limited time only. Generally it is the 'right to copy' but also gives the holder the right to be credited for the the work, to determine who may adapt the work to other forms,who may perform the work and who may financially benefit from it.}  

Copyright can be claimed on:

Books

Brochures 

Newspapers

Theatrical works
Oral presentations
Choreographic works
Music
Drawings
Paintings
Buildings
Sculptures
Designs
Photographic works
Computer programs

Broadcasting Act

The Broadcasting Act of 1990 is a law of the British Parliament, The aim of this act is to inform the entire structure of British broadcasting. An effect of this act was that in the letter of the law the television or radio companies rather than the regulator became the broadcasters as has been the case in the early 1955 - 1964 era of the independent television authority when it had fewer regulatory powers than it would later assume.

Human Rights Act 1998

The Convention was drafted by the Council of Europe after World War II. Sir David Maxwell-Fyfe was the Chair of the Committee on Legal and Administrative Questions of the Council's Consultative Assembly from 1949 to 1952, and oversaw the drafting of the European Convention on Human Rights. It was designed to incorporate a traditional civil liberties approach to securing "effective political democracy", from the strong traditions of freedom and liberty in the United Kingdom. As a founding member of the Council of Europe, the UK acceded to the European Convention on Human Rights in March 1951. However it was not until Harold Wilson's government in the 1960s that British citizens were able to bring claims in the European Court of Human Rights. Over the 1980s, it was widely perceived that the executive misused its power and that, with movements like Charter 88 (which invoked the 300th anniversary of the Glorious Revolution in 1688 and the Bill of Rights 1689) a British Bill of Rights was needed to secure a human rights culture at home.

Race Relations Act 1976

An Act to make fresh provision with respect to discrimination on racial grounds and relations between people of different racial groups; and to make in the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 amendments for bringing provisions in that Act relating to its administration and enforcement into conformity with the corresponding provisions in this Act.

Privacy Law

Privacy in English law is a rapidly developing area of English law that considers in what situations an individual has a legal right to informational privacy, that is to say the protection of personal (or private) information from misuse or unauthorised disclosure. Privacy law is distinct from those laws such as trespass or assault that are designed to protect physical privacy

Some examples include:

• Health privacy laws
• Financial privacy laws
• Online privacy laws
• Communication privacy laws
• Information privacy laws
• Privacy in one's home

Libel Law

Present law:
 English law allows actions for libel to be brought in the High Court for any published statements which are alleged to defame a named or identifiable individual  in a manner which causes them loss in their trade or profession, or causes a reasonable person to think worse of him, her or them.

Defamation is talking or writing something about someone that is untrue and could possibly harm someones reputation. There is not too much difference between the two different types of defamation, Sland


Ethical

Ethical issues when making films are less serious than legal issues when making a film,
er is one type which is spoken for example over radio or on television and the other being libel which is writen this could be anything from in a diary to in a news paper.

Different Types Of Ownership

Globalisation

Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchanged. A good example of this is Facebook, how it started in someones room in America and is now one of the most known worldwide social networking sites.















Merge

Merging is when two companies combine into a single entity. Formed in 1990 by the equal merger of Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting, BSkyB is the largest pay-TV broadcaster in the United Kingdom and Ireland with over 11 million subscribers.


Take Over

This occurs when one company acquires control over another company. An example of a take over is Facebook taking over Instagram, they paid one billion dollars in cash for the rights to instagram.

Vertical Integration

When a company expands its business into areas that are at different points on the same path. A good example of vertical Intergration is richards bransons company, Virgin. This company has exmpanded so much and has products in a lot of different markets, Flight, Mobile Phones, Holidays, Television and many others.


Horizontal Integration

Horizontal Intergration is when a company expands its business into different points products that are similar to current lines. An example of this is Rupert Merdoch and how he owns lots of different aspects of the media, for example News corperation which involves bskyb aswell and also lots of other companies.

The Big 6

Disney

Disney owns more than just their own studios and theme parks it also owns:

The Walt Disney company owns ABC television group like ABC, ESPN, Disney channel soapnet ABC, ABC Family, ABC Kids, Walt Disney Distribution, Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group, Disney Channel, ESPN, Jetix, Walt Disney Studios, Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Walt Disney Television Animation, Walt Disney Records, Walt Disney Pictures, Touchstone Pictures, Miramax Films, ABC Studios, Playhouse Disney, Disney Consumer Products, Pixar, Soapnet, Disney Interactive Studios, Muppets Holding Company, Disney Store, Toon Disney, New Horizon Interactive, and Hollywood Records also owns Disney Cruise which they have their own a private island called castaway cay. They also have their own radio station network called radio Disney which is distributed in Canada, Nicaragua, Mexico, Argentina and of course United States. Disney’s total market value is around 57 billion dollars.

 

GE - Electric

General Electric is a huge media giant, being one of the 'Big 6' it controls a severe amount the media across the world.

GE owns 80% of NBC unviersal, NBC is one of the world leading entertainment companies, which markets and produces TV shows and advertisements seen across the world.

NBC is a marketing machine, owning most of the worlds highest viewed tv shows and advertisements, such as the tonight show with jay lenno, it also owns popular TV sitcoms such as Will & Grace and frasier, this is the perfect marketing point for NBC as it has alot of products to offer, whcih can be sold and advertised on their various outlets like huge corporation TV and News Stations.

 

News Corp

Where do they reach in the world?

They own a lot of companies such as Fox and Sky, which reach many countries such as the USA, the UK, Australia, New Zealand, Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Canada, Latin America and Europe (so, basically, everywhere).

What impact do they have?

As they own so much, they have a huge impact on the media and the world as we know it. They provide news, TV shows, films, etc. which they control.

 

CBS

 

CBS stands for Columbia broadcasting system

The Chairman of CBS is Sumner M. Redstone.

CBS are a large company in one of the 6 big companies in media.
CBS is stationed in the US. It is the second largest in TV broadcast, behind the BBC.
CBS own companies such as, Columbia Records, Publishing companies, Musical instrument division, Film Production, Home Video (MGM/CBS), Gabriel Toys(video game market), Viacom(broadcasting), CBS radio.
CBS is broadcasted to internationally via CBS studios international formally CBS Paramount international television.

CBS bought paramount for $37 billion.

CBS broadcasts in, USA, Europe, Africa, middle east, UK, Ireland,  Australia, New Zealand and Italy.

 

Viacom

Viacom is home to the world's premier entertainment brands that connect with audiences through compelling content across television, motion picture, online and mobile platforms in over 160 countries and territories. Viacom's more than 160 media networks reach approximately 700 million global subscribers, and Paramount Pictures - celebrating its 100th year in 2012 - continues today as a major global producer and distributor of filmed entertainment.

Time Warner

Time Warner operate in television, film and publishing, they produce programmes for both children and adults it is also the world’s second largest conglomerate, second to Disney. In 2000 AOL purchased the Time Warner Company $164 billion AOL own a capitalisation of 55% this means the Time Warner shareholders now own a stake hold of 45%.
The NFL Network (a subsidiary of Time Warner) is airing 13 primetime regular season games this year, which is up from eight games in previous years.The long-awaited announcement comes as Time Warner Cable is set to debut its first regional sports channels in the Los Angeles area. It spent about $2 billion to outbid Fox Sports for the local rights to air Los Angeles Lakers basketball games and will launch an English-language network and a Spanish-language network on Oct 1.
Time Warner have an estimated net worth of $41-$46 billion





Ownership in the UK

Rupert Murdoch is an Australian American media mogul who started off by inheriting Australias News Limited from his father in 1952. By 2000 Rupart had expanded news corparation over 800 companies over 50 countries and has a total net worth of five billion dollars and now in 2013 the Murdoch empire has raised massively to a total net worth of thirty two point seven billion dollars

In the UK Rupart owns: The Times, The Sunday Times, The Sun, The News of The World and these are only the news papers in the UK but still sum up to massive one point six billion dollars.